Potential exploitation of Mediterranean wild halophyte species: four case studies for a sustainable horticulture

The Mediterranean Basin hosts a rich diversity of wild halophyte species that have evolved remarkable adaptations to saline and arid environments. This narrative review explores the potential exploitation of four Mediterranean halophytes - Crithmum maritimum, Cakile maritima, Atriplex halimus, and Suaeda maritima- with applications ranging from high-quality vegetable and spice production to ornamental use. Each species is described in terms of botanical traits, environmental adaptability, chemical composition, and current or potential food or non-food uses. Particular attention is given to the challenges and opportunities associated with seed germination and propagation techniques as agronomic development. Their ability to thrive under salinity, drought, and nutrient-poor soil conditions highlights their suitability for cultivation in marginal areas increasingly affected by climate change. The multifunctional role of these plants - spanning nutritional value, phytochemical richness, soil fertility improvement - makes them promising candidates for sustainable cropping systems aimed at biodiversity conservation and rural development. Further research is encouraged to develop effective agronomic protocols and value chains that support their transition from wild species to economically viable crops. This review underlines the relevance of integrating halophyte species into diversified and resilient agricultural models, particularly in Mediterranean regions and other salt-affected environments.